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EDIT. Why I started a bounty: I updated my question based on the feedback, but since then there were no answers or more constructive feedback. OP contains examples how to answer the question. If you see something wrong with the question, please explain it.

Actually, some of those terms (arpeggio, tremolo, sequence, sound effect based techniques) would fit as a part of an answer to my question. Though maybe understanding "arpeggio" requires quite a bunch of music theory, because it requires to understand what defines a chord when the notes are not played at the same time. "Tremolo", "sequence" and "sound effect based techniques" seem like more elementary techniques and I want to know techniques as elementary as possible.

Edit: "melody", "rhythm", "harmony" are not the terms I'm looking for, they are way too broad.

Actually, some of those terms (tremolo, sequence, sound effect based techniques) would fit as a part of an answer to my question. They are simple techniques which can be understood with very little of music theory.

Why I think that my question is not too broad

You may be concerned that my question is too broad. Asking to list any technique which changes any element of a motif. But remember that there's two limiting factors:

• The techniques I'm looking for should be explainable without much of music theory.
• The techniques should be implementable in a motif as short as possible.

So "polyrhythms" and "metric modulation" are worse answers than "tremolo" and "sequence", because identifying different rhythms and pulse rates requires more music theory / a better ear than simply noticing a repeating note or changing pitch. I'm looking for the latter kind of techniques (tremolo, sequence), not the former (polyrithms, metric modulation).

"Change in melody", "change in rhythm" and "change in harmony" are probably not the techniques I'm looking for either. Unless those techniques can be implemented in a very short motif, noticed by an untrained ear and conceptualized without much music theory.

Actually, the last three terms (arpeggio, tremolo, sequence) would fit as a part of an answer to my question. Though maybe understanding "arpeggio" requires quite a bunch of music theory, because it requires to understand what defines a chord when the notes are not played at the same time. "Tremolo" and "sequence" seem like more elementary techniques and I want to know techniques as elementary as possible.

Actually, some of those terms (arpeggio, tremolo, sequence, sound effect based techniques) would fit as a part of an answer to my question. Though maybe understanding "arpeggio" requires quite a bunch of music theory, because it requires to understand what defines a chord when the notes are not played at the same time. "Tremolo", "sequence" and "sound effect based techniques" seem like more elementary techniques and I want to know techniques as elementary as possible.

Edit: "melody", "rhythm", "harmony" are not the terms I'm looking for, they are way too broad.