Doesn't a major scale share all its notes with its relative minor and vice versa?

Question

I came across this sentence, reading A Theory of Harmony, John Stainer, P 9 item 27:

The scale of a relative minor consists of the same notes as that of its relative major, with one exception, namely, the seventh degree (the fifth of its relative major) which is raised one semitone.

This seems to imply that a major scale's relative minor doesn't share its notes.

1. A minor is the relative minor of C major.
2. The fifth degree of C major is G.
3. By 1. and 2., with the statement above the seventh degree of A minor is G#.

It seems I'm misunderstanding the above quote/musical terms. Can someone here clarify its meaning for me? Or was this statement just a bloop?

Answer 1

He is referring to the harmonic minor scale.

Each minor scale has three variations:

• The Natural Minor - the exact notes of the relative major:

C Major: CDEFGABC

A Minor: ABCDEFGA

• The Harmonic Minor - Used for harmony in Western Classical, as it better implies a resolution from the V - I, since it involves the leading tone, which has a tendency to resolve to the tonic.

C Major: CDEFGABC

A Minor: ABCDEF G# A

• The Melodic Minor - Used for melodic motion in Western Classical; often used in Jazz. The 6th and 7th are raised on the way up, and then both lowered on the way down.

C Major: CDEFGABCBAGFDEC

A Minor: ABCDE F#G# A GF EDCBA

So while yes, the minor does share the notes of it's relative major key, we often alter them to please our ear :)

Answer 2

In common-practice music the seventh scale degree is usually raised, but not always. It's raised when it's part of a V or viio chord, and often during rising melodic lines. It is usually back to its natural minor state however in III chords and i7 chords and generally during descending melodic lines. The sixth degree also sometimes get raised in minor.

In modal music, where the relative minor is Aeolian, these notes are generally not raised, and thus the relative key shares notes with its major completely. The only difference here is in what note is treated like a tonic.

A more accurate way to make the statement that you're asking about is that a major key and its relative minor share a key signature, but that the minor has an altered seventh (and sixth) scale degree relatively often.

Answer 3

The minor mode does contain all the notes of its relative major. Besides a different tonic, the big difference is that the minor mode has two mutable notes. Scale steps 6 and 7 are can be raised a half-step in some situations. The minor mode does contain "more" notes in that sense. Of course, both minor and major modes can easily accommodate all chromatic tones.