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Specifically for music composed earlier than the third or fourth century A.D.
I have heard several reports about deciphering examples of ancient greek musical notation. And you can find CDs of "reconstituted" ancient music although I never had an opportunity to hear one.
Have we been able to reconstruct ancient instruments of these times?
Do we know if some melody we still play come from ancient greek or roman folklore?
There's actually quite a lot of surviving information on how the Greeks tuned their scales. But as far as I know there's only one complete piece of music, the so-called "Seikilos Hymnus", a short epitaph:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph
It's a very nice little song, and I've used it in concerts.
About Greek instruments- aside from pictures, there's not much: a few fragments of kithera tailpieces, some fragmentary auloi, and that's about it. I've built two kitherae (the classical lyre) and have a third one underway, but how they are built is mostly guesswork. Here's the last one I built:
http://i578.photobucket.com/albums/ss221/therealzilch/kithara.jpg
To paraphrase and oversimplify 'Mastering the Scales and Arpeggios' by James Francis Cooke, the answer (for Greek) is, 'not very much.' There is a very large problem with ancient Greek writing on the subject. We don't really know what the words mean. Much ink has been spilled by writers purporting to know what the words mean, but in the end, there's perishing little evidence to support their theories.
