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I've heard that German musicians spell the seventh note of the C major scale with an "H" where an American musician would use a "B". And, for the fourth note of the F major scale, where an American musician would say "B flat," I've heard Germans say "B". Is this true?
Are there any other interesting ways that musicians around the world, principally guitarists, like to spell their notes and chords?
It is true, Germans refer to B♮ (B-natural) as "H", possibly because of its similarity to the 'natural' sign (♮). B-flat (B♭) is just known as B. I believe Poland, Hungary, Norway and Finland also use this naming.
This naming convention is needed to make sense of the "musical pun" that is the BACH motif, i.e. the German notes B, A, C and H arranged to form a theme which spells out J.S. Bach's surname.
Other European countries (Italy, France, Portugal, Spain, Russia) will refer to the notes using the Do-Re-Mi pattern rather than C, D, E etc.
In the UK & USA, we are more used to learning this naming as children.
Non-Western countries tend to have different tuning and temperaments, including quarter-tones, so a direct comparison is harder.
Indian Classical Music uses relative syllables as well.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Da Ni (Sa). The Re is pronounced "Ri" often.
It is the same system as Italian only with different names. This is no surprise because they came up independently with the same tone system as western Europe:
You have the same 12 chromatic sounds in total and you choose 7 of them as diatonic steps, they get the names above. The absolute root note/frequency does not matter and every soloist chooses his or her own.
The base notes are just the tip of the iceberg. The systematic involved for accidentals also varies significantly; so in German an suffix "is" corresponds to "sharp" and "es" to "flat", a system, that makes multiple occurences easily possible like "fisis" instead of "f double sharp". Furthermore there are quite interesting alternatives for the note length, like the British hemidemisemiquaver for a 64th.
As usual in this topic the documentation for the lilypond music typesetter provides substantial information, here I linked the page listing note names in different languages.
The nomenclature discussed by several posts above also applies to Indonesia, so Es = E flat and Cis= C sharp. We call the sharp symbol "kres" and flat symbol "mol", probably derived from Dutch or German ("kruis","molle"). We put a strong emphasis on do - re - mi which is notated with Arabic numbers 1,2,3 etc, and when we learn a new song we will start by singing the notes in do-re-mi (solfeggio).
There is also an interesting consensus on how to write accidentals on these Arabic numerals, when we sharp a note, eg. 2 (re), we will put a slash on the number ("2", in this case) and when we flat a note, we will put a backslash on the number.
