I think it depends on how much experience you have. Maybe you just aren't used to it enough. Most of the time the effects you mention aren't used to be heard as something separate, but rather to achieve very subtle differences.
From what you say, I think you might need more training paying attention and identifying all those subtleties that come when parameters are not at their maximum.
If treble or bass is all the way up or down, I notice, but I don't discern 9 from 12 or 12 from 3.
That's normal if you haven't yet achieved a great level of experience. Depending on the source, those differences may not be so easy to hear, too. If you have an especially resonant frequency, then 3 dB might be very noticeable, but somewhere else in the spectrum not so.
I don't notice chorus effects unless its cranked up enough to get that marshmallow (or beyond) sound
Again, I think it's normal. If you listen carefully, you may not discern that there's chorus, but maybe you can tell there's something there, that the sound isn't all dry.
same with reverb that doesn't have its tail set to longer than the natural sustain of a note.
It may seem to be part of the dry sound. I think with training you should be able to start to differentiate all the subtleties you're mentioning.
It all reminds me of my own experience when I was a total beginner, and what happened to other people I know: the training needed to recognize all the different things takes time.
I'd add that I think this is one of the reasons beginners tend to exaggerate all the effects and equalization (and everything!) in their mixes: because ones' ears are not trained to get all the subtleties yet, so everything ends being at extreme values: all or nothing.
Hope this helps!
